山上有自己的“微风”。它们被称为山风和山谷风。
shān山shang上yǒu有zì自jǐ己de的“wēi微fēng风”。tā它men们bèi被chēng称wéi为shān山fēng风hé和shān山gǔ谷fēng风。
“山风”
Let's recall the ordinary sea breeze. This wind blows from the sea to the shore during the day and in the opposite direction at night. During the day the shore warms up, the air rises there, and the cool air from the sea takes its place. By evening, the land cools down, while the sea, on the contrary, warms up and retains heat. So at night the wind blows in the other direction.
让我们回忆起普通的海风。这种风白天从海上吹向岸边,晚上则相反。白天,海岸升温,空气上升,海水中的冷空气取而代之。到了晚上,陆地变冷了,而海洋则相反地变热并保持热量。所以晚上风吹向另一个方向。
ràng让wǒ我men们huí回yì忆qǐ起pǔ普tōng通de的hǎi海fēng风。zhè这zhǒng种fēng风bái白tiān天cóng从hǎi海shang上chuī吹xiàng向àn岸biān边,wǎn晚shang上zé则xiāng相fǎn反。bái白tiān天,hǎi海àn岸shēng升wēn温,kōng空qì气shàng上shēng升,hǎi海shuǐ水zhōng中de的lěng冷kōng空qì气qǔ取ér而dài代zhī之。dào到le了wǎn晚shang上,lù陆dì地biàn变lěng冷le了,ér而hǎi海yáng洋zé则xiāng相fǎn反de地biàn变rè热bìng并bǎo保chí持rè热liàng量。suǒ所yǐ以wǎn晚shàng上fēng风chuī吹xiàng向lìng另yī一gè个fāng方xiàng向。
白天微风力学
While near the sea the breeze mostly blows horizontally, in the mountains a similar wind blows along the slope. It works like this: in the mountains, the air warms during the day and rises from the valley up the slopes, and at night it cools and descends from high places into the valley.
在海边,风主要是水平吹来的,而在山区,类似的风是沿着山坡吹来的。它的工作原理是这样的:在山里,空气白天变暖,从山谷上升到山坡上,晚上降温,从高处下降到山谷里。
zài在hǎi海biān边,fēng风zhǔ主yào要shì是shuǐ水píng平chuī吹lái来de的,ér而zài在shān山qū区,lèi类sì似de的fēng风shì是yán沿zhe着shān山pō坡chuī吹lái来de的。tā它de的gōng工zuò作yuán原lǐ理shì是zhè这yàng样de的:zài在shān山lǐ里,kōng空qì气bái白tiān天biàn变nuǎn暖,cóng从shān山gǔ谷shàng上shēng升dào到shān山pō坡shàng上,wǎn晚shang上jiàng降wēn温,cóng从gāo高chù处xià下jiàng降dào到shān山gǔ谷lǐ里。
How does wind form in the mountains?
山里的风是怎么形成的?
During the day, the sun's rays strongly heat the mountain slopes. The slopes give their heat to the air, but only the air immediately adjacent to the mountain heats well. And the air at a distance from the mountain stays cold.
白天,阳光强烈地加热着山坡。山坡将热量提供给空气,但只有紧邻山脉的空气才能很好地加热。离山很远的地方空气很冷。
bái白tiān天,yáng阳guāng光qiáng强liè烈de地jiā加rè热zhe着shān山pō坡。shān山pō坡jiāng将rè热liàng量tí提gōng供jǐ给kōng空qì气,dàn但zhǐ只yǒu有jǐn紧lín邻shān山mài脉de的kōng空qì气cái才néng能hěn很hǎo好de地jiā加rè热。lí离shān山hěn很yuǎn远de的dì地fāng方kōng空qì气hěn很lěng冷。
Warm air is lighter than cold air. It is pushed upward by the cold air and pressed against the mountain by the cold air. As a result, the warm air begins to blow upward along the slope.
热空气比冷空气轻。它被冷空气向上推,被冷空气压在山上。结果,热空气开始沿着斜坡向上吹。
rè热kōng空qì气bǐ比lěng冷kōng空qì气qīng轻。tā它bèi被lěng冷kōng空qì气xiàng向shàng上tuī推,bèi被lěng冷kōng空qì气yā压zài在shān山shang上。jié结guǒ果,rè热kōng空qì气kāi开shǐ始yán沿zhe着xié斜pō坡xiàng向shàng上chuī吹。
Why does warm air blow upward along the slope and not rise vertically upward? The fact is that the warm air rises vertically when it is SURROUNDED by the cold air (which forces it up). If the cold air is on only one side, then it displaces warm air, but at the same time - presses it to the mountain.
为什么热空气沿着斜坡向上吹,而不是垂直向上上升?事实上,当热空气被冷空气包围(迫使它上升)时,它会垂直上升。如果冷空气只在一侧,那么它会取代热空气,但同时会把它压到山上。
wèi为shén什me么rè热kōng空qì气yán沿zhe着xié斜pō坡xiàng向shàng上chuī吹,ér而bù不shì是chuí垂zhí直xiàng向shàng上shàng上shēng升?shì事shí实shàng上,dāng当rè热kōng空qì气bèi被lěng冷kōng空qì气bāo包wéi围(pò迫shǐ使tā它shàng上shēng升)shí时,tā它huì会chuí垂zhí直shàng上shēng升。rú如guǒ果lěng冷kōng空qì气zhǐ只zài在yī一cè侧,nà那me么tā它huì会qǔ取dài代rè热kōng空qì气,dàn但tóng同shí时huì会bǎ把tā它yā压dào到shān山shang上。
This wind blowing up the slope is called anabatic (from the Greek anabaino - to rise).
这种吹上斜坡的风被称为anabatic(希腊语anabaino-to-rise)。
zhè这zhǒng种chuī吹shàng上xié斜pō坡de的fēng风bèi被chēng称wéi为anabatic(xī希là腊yǔ语anabaino-to-rise)。
To continue the analogy with the breeze, the mountains and the air near them play the role of the shore, and the air at some distance from the mountains plays the role of water.
继续与微风的类比,山和山附近的空气起着海岸的作用,离山一定距离的空气起着水的作用。
jì继xù续yǔ与wēi微fēng风de的lèi类bǐ比,shān山hé和shān山fù附jìn近de的kōng空qì气qǐ起zhe着hǎi海àn岸de的zuò作yòng用,lí离shān山yī一dìng定jù距lí离de的kōng空qì气qǐ起zhe着shuǐ水de的zuò作yòng用。
At night, the slopes (like the shore) cool quickly, and the air cools slowly (it has water in it, which holds heat for a long time). However, the air that is directly adjacent to the cold mountains cools faster, which means it gets heavier and begins to flow down the cooler slopes, surrounded by warmer air. Such cold winds, directed down the slopes, are called katabatic (from the Greek κατάβασις, katabasis - descent, decline).
晚上,斜坡(如海岸)很快冷却,空气冷却得很慢(里面有水,能长时间保持热量)。然而,与冷山直接相邻的空气冷却得更快,这意味着它变得更重,并开始沿着较冷的斜坡向下流动,周围是较暖的空气。这种沿着斜坡向下的冷风被称为katabatic(来自希腊语κατβασΓΓ,katabasis-下降,下降)。
wǎn晚shang上,xié斜pō坡(rú如hǎi海àn岸)hěn很kuài快lěng冷què却,kōng空qì气lěng冷què却de得hěn很màn慢(lǐ里miàn面yǒu有shuǐ水,néng能cháng长shí时jiān间bǎo保chí持rè热liàng量)。rán然ér而,yǔ与lěng冷shān山zhí直jiē接xiāng相lín邻de的kōng空qì气lěng冷què却de得gèng更kuài快,zhè这yì意wèi味zhe着tā它biàn变de得gèng更zhòng重,bìng并kāi开shǐ始yán沿zhe着jiào较lěng冷de的xié斜pō坡xiàng向xià下liú流dòng动,zhōu周wéi围shì是jiào较nuǎn暖de的kōng空qì气。zhè这zhǒng种yán沿zhe着xié斜pō坡xiàng向xià下de的lěng冷fēng风bèi被chēng称wéi为katabatic(lái来zì自xī希là腊yǔ语κατβασΓΓ,katabasis-xià下jiàng降,xià下jiàng降)。
注:没有反重力风也可以存在反重力风。冰川就是这样,寒冷的冰川24小时不停地冷却空气,空气因此不断向下流动。
zhù注:méi没yǒu有fǎn反zhòng重lì力fēng风yě也kě可yǐ以cún存zài在fǎn反zhòng重lì力fēng风。bīng冰chuān川jiù就shì是zhè这yàng样,hán寒lěng冷de的bīng冰chuān川24xiǎo小shí时bù不tíng停de地lěng冷què却kōng空qì气,kōng空qì气yīn因cǐ此bù不duàn断xiàng向xià下liú流dòng动。
Both of these winds, katabatic and anabatic, together make up the mountain-valley circulation. These winds are mainly observed in the warm season.
这两种风,katabatic和anabatic,共同构成了山谷环流。这些风主要是在暖季观测到的。
zhè这liǎng两zhǒng种fēng风,katabatiché和anabatic,gòng共tóng同gòu构chéng成le了shān山gǔ谷huán环liú流。zhè这xiē些fēng风zhǔ主yào要shì是zài在nuǎn暖jì季guān观cè测dào到de的。
By the way, on mountainous coasts, the mountain-valley circulation merges with the breeze circulation - in this case they mutually reinforce each other.
顺便说一句,在山区海岸,山谷环流与微风环流相结合,在这种情况下,它们相互加强。
shùn顺biàn便shuō说yī一jù句,zài在shān山qū区hǎi海àn岸,shān山gǔ谷huán环liú流yǔ与wēi微fēng风huán环liú流xiāng相jié结hé合,zài在zhè这zhǒng种qíng情kuàng况xià下,tā它men们xiāng相hù互jiā加qiáng强。